A Computer Virus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2847 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Computer Essay Did you like this example? A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself[1] and infect a computer. The term virus is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. [2][3] The term computer virus is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojans, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware, crimeware, and o ther malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but has a hidden agenda. Worms and Trojans, like viruses, may cause harm to either a computer systems hosted data, functional performance, or networking throughput, when they are executed. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or go unnoticed. Infection strategies In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themselves to executable files that may be part of legitimate programs. If a user attempts to launch an infected program, the virus code may be executed simultaneously. Viruses can be divided into two types based on their behavior when they are executed. Nonresident viruses immediately search for other hosts that can be infected, infect those targets, and finally transfer control to the application program they infected. Resident viruses do not search for hosts when they are started. Instead, a resident virus loads itself into memory on execution and transfers control to the host program. The virus stays active in the background and infects new hosts when those files are accessed by other programs or the operating system itself. [edit] Nonresident viruses Nonresident viruses can be thought of as consisting of a finder module and a replication module. The finder module is responsible for finding new files to infect. For each new executable file the finder module encounters, it calls the replication module to infect that file. [edit] Resident viruses Resident viruses contain a replication module that is similar to the one that is employed by nonresident v iruses. This module, however, is not called by a finder module. The virus loads the replication module into memory when it is executed instead and ensures that this module is executed each time the operating system is called to perform a certain operation. The replication module can be called, for example, each time the operating system executes a file. In this case the virus infects every suitable program that is executed on the computer. Resident viruses are sometimes subdivided into a category of fast infectors and a category of slow infectors. Fast infectors are designed to infect as many files as possible. A fast infector, for instance, can infect every potential host file that is accessed. This poses a special problem when using anti-virus software, since a virus scanner will access every potential host file on a computer when it performs a system-wide scan. If the virus scanner fails to notice that such a virus is present in memory the virus can piggy-back on the virus scanner and in this way infect all files that are scanned. Fast infectors rely on their fast infection rate to spread. The disadvantage of this method is that infecting many files may make detection more likely, because the virus may slow down a computer or perform many suspicious actions that can be noticed by anti-virus software. Slow infectors, on the other hand, are designed to infect hosts infrequently. Some slow infectors, for instance, only infect files when they are copied. Slow infectors are designed to avoid detection by limiting their actions: they are less likely to slow down a computer noticeably and will, at most, infrequently trigger anti-virus software that detects suspicious behavior by programs. The slow infector approach, however, does not seem very successful. Stealth Some viruses try to trick antivirus software by intercepting its requests to the operating system. A virus can hide itself by intercepting the antivirus software’s request to read the f ile and passing the request to the virus, instead of the OS. The virus can then return an uninfected version of the file to the antivirus software, so that it seems that the file is clean. Modern antivirus software employs various techniques to counter stealth mechanisms of viruses. The only completely reliable method to avoid stealth is to boot from a medium that is known to be clean Spyware is a type of malware that is installed on computers and collects little bits information at a time about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically hidden from the user, and can be difficult to detect. Typically, spyware is secretly installed on the users personal computer. Sometimes, however, spywares such as keyloggers are installed by the owner of a shared, corporate, or public computer on purpose in order to secretly monitor other users. While the term spyware suggests that software that secretly monitors the users computing, the functions of spyware extend we ll beyond simple monitoring. Spyware programs can collect various types of personal information, such as Internet surfing habits and sites that have been visited, but can also interfere with user control of the computer in other ways, such as installing additional software and redirecting Web browser activity. Spyware is known to change computer settings, resulting in slow connection speeds, different home pages, and/or loss of Internet or functionality of other programs. In an attempt to increase the understanding of spyware, a more formal classification of its included software types is captured under the term privacy-invasive software. In response to the emergence of spyware, a small industry has sprung up dealing in anti-spyware software. Running anti-spyware software has become a widely recognized element of computer security practices for computers, especially those running Microsoft Windows. A number of jurisdictions have passed anti-spyware laws, which usually target any software that is surreptitiously installed to control a users computer. The US Federal Trade Commission has placed on the Internet a page of advice to consumers about how to lower the risk of spyware infection, including a list of dos and donts. Routes of infection [pic] [pic] Malicious websites attempt to install spyware on readers computers. Spyware does not directly spread in the manner of a computer virus or worm: generally, an infected system does not attempt to transmit the infection to other computers. Instead, spyware gets on a system through deception of the user or through exploitation of software vulnerabilities. Most spyware is installed without users knowledge. Since they tend not to install software if they know that it will disrupt their working environment and compromise their privacy, spyware deceives users, either by piggybacking on a piece of desirable software such as Kazaa, or by tricking them into installing it (the Trojan horse method). Some rogue spywa re programs masquerade as security software. The distributor of spyware usually presents the program as a useful utility—for instance as a Web accelerator or as a helpful software agent. Users download and install the software without immediately suspecting that it could cause harm. For example, Bonzi Buddy, a program bundled with spyware[9] and targeted at children, claims that: He will explore the Internet with you as your very own friend and sidekick! He can talk, walk, joke, browse, search, e-mail, and download like no other friend youve ever had! He even has the ability to compare prices on the products you love and help you save money! Best of all, hes FREE! [10] Spyware can also come bundled with other software. The user downloads a program and installs it, and the installer additionally installs the spyware. Although the desirable software itself may do no harm, the bundled spyware does. In some cases, spyware authors have paid shareware authors to bundle spywar e with their software. In other cases, spyware authors have repackaged desirable freeware with installers that slipstream spyware. Some spyware authors infect a system through security holes in the Web browser or in other software. When the user navigates to a Web page controlled by the spyware author, the page contains code which attacks the browser and forces the download and installation of spyware. The spyware author would also have some extensive knowledge of commercially-available anti-virus and firewall software. This has become known as a drive-by download, which leaves the user a hapless bystander to the attack. Common browser exploits target security vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer and in the Sun Microsystems Java runtime. The installation of spyware frequently involves Internet Explorer. Its popularity and history of security issues have made it the most frequent target. Its deep integration with the Windows environment and scriptability make it an obvious poin t of attack into Windows. Internet Explorer also serves as a point of attachment for spyware in the form of Browser Helper Objects, which modify the browsers behavior to add toolbars or to redirect traffic. In a few cases, a worm or virus has delivered a spyware payload. Some attackers used the Spybot worm to install spyware that put pornographic pop-ups on the infected systems screen. [11] By directing traffic to ads set up to channel funds to the spyware authors, they profit personally. Examples of spyware †¢ CoolWebSearch, a group of programs, takes advantage of Internet Explorer vulnerabilities. The package directs traffic to advertisements on Web sites including coolwebsearch. com. It displays pop-up ads, rewrites search engine results, and alters the infected computers hosts file to direct DNS lookups to these sites. [30] †¢ Internet Optimizer, also known as DyFuCa, redirects Internet Explorer error pages to advertising. When users follow a broken link or enter an erroneous URL, they see a page of advertisements. However, because password-protected Web sites (HTTP Basic authentication) use the same mechanism as HTTP errors, Internet Optimizer makes it impossible for the user to access password-protected sites. [31] †¢ HuntBar, aka WinTools or Adware. Websearch, was installed by an ActiveX drive-by download at affiliate Web sites, or by advertisements displayed by other spyware programs—an example of how spyware can install more spyware. These programs add toolbars to IE, track aggregate browsing behavior, redirect affiliate references, and display advertisements Computer worm A computer worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes (computers on the network) and it may do so without any user intervention. This is due to the poor security the computers infected have. Unlike a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted compute Worms with good intent Beginning with the very first research into worms at Xerox PARC, there have been attempts to create useful worms. The Nachi family of worms, for example, tried to download and install patches from Microsofts website to fix vulnerabilities in the host system – by exploiting those same vulnerabilities. In practice, although this may have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic, rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent of the computers owner or user. Some worms, such as XSS worms, have been written for research to determine the factors of how worms spread, such as social activity and change in user behavior, while other worms are little more than a prank, such as one that sends the popular image macro of an owl with the phrase O RLY? to a print queue in the infected computer. Most security experts regard all worms as malware, whatever their payload or their writers intentions. [edit] Protecting against dangerous computer worms Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. All vendors upply regular security updates[6] (see Patch Tuesday), and if these are installed to a machine then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it. If a vendor acknowledges a vulnerability, but has yet to release a security update to patch it, a zero day exploit is possible. However, these are relatively rare. Users need to be wary of opening unexpected email,[7] and should not run attached files or programs, or visit web sites that are linked to such emails. However, as with the ILOVEYOU worm, and with the increased growth and efficiency of phishing attacks, it remains possible to trick the end-user into running a malicious code. Anti-virus and anti-spyware software are helpful, but must be kept up-to-date with new pattern files at least every few days. The use of a firewall is also recommended. In the April-June, 2008, issue of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, computer scientists describe a potential new way to combat internet worms. The researchers discovered how to contain the kind of worm that scans the Internet randomly, looking for vulnerable hosts to infect. They found that the key is for software to monitor the number of scans that machines on a network sends out. When a machine starts sending out too many scans, it is a sign that it has been infected, allowing administrators to take it off line and check it for viruses A Trojan horse (sometimes shortened to trojan[n 1]), is non-self-replicating malware that appears to perform a desirable function for the user but instead facilitates unauthorized access to the users computer system. The term is derived from the Trojan Horse story in Greek mythology. Purpose and operation Trojan horses are designed to a llow a hacker remote access to a target computer system. Once a Trojan horse has been installed on a target computer system, it is possible for a hacker to access it remotely and perform various operations. The operations that a hacker can perform are limited by user privileges on the target computer system and the design of the Trojan horse. Operations that could be performed by a hacker on a target computer system include: †¢ Use of the machine as part of a botnet (i. e. to perform spamming or to perform Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks) †¢ Data theft (e. g. passwords, credit card information, etc. ) †¢ Installation of software (including other malware) Downloading or uploading of files †¢ Modification or deletion of files †¢ Keystroke logging †¢ Viewing the users screen †¢ Wasting computer storage space Trojan horses require interaction with a hacker to fulfill their purpose, though the hacker need not be the individual responsibl e for distributing the Trojan horse. In fact, it is possible for hackers to scan computers on a network using a port scanner in the hope of finding one with a Trojan horse installed, that the hacker can then use to control the target computer. [1] A trojan differs from a virus in that only a file specifically designed to carry it can do so. edit] Installation and distribution Trojan horses can be installed through the following methods: †¢ Software downloads (i. e. a Trojan horse included as part of a software application downloaded from a file sharing network) †¢ Websites containing executable content (i. e. a Trojan horse in the form of an ActiveX control) †¢ Email attachments †¢ Application exploits (i. e. flaws in a web browser, media player, messaging client, or other software that can be exploited to allow installation of a Trojan horse) Also, there have been reports of compilers that are themselves Trojan horses. citation needed] While compiling code to ex ecutable form, they include code that causes the output executable to become a Trojan horse. [edit] Removal Antivirus software is designed to detect and delete Trojan horses, as well as preventing them from ever being installed. Although it is possible to remove a Trojan horse manually, it requires a full understanding of how that particular Trojan horse operates. In addition, if a Trojan horse has possibly been used by a hacker to access a computer system, it will be difficult to know what damage has been done and what other problems have been introduced. In situations where the security of the computer system is critical, it is advisable to simply erase all data from the hard disk and reinstall the operating system and required software. [edit] Current use Due to the growing popularity of botnets among hackers, Trojan horses are becoming more common. According to a survey conducted by BitDefender from January to June 2009, Trojan-type malware is on the rise, accounting for 83-p ercent of the global malware detected in the wild Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Computer Virus" essay for you Create order

The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci Analysis - 1692 Words

FORMAL ANALISYS: THE LAST SUPPER BY LEONARDO DA VINCI As we all know the Last Supper is the last dinner that Jesus shared with his Apostles before he was betrayed and crucified. Although this theme occurs in many works, The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci is the most famous and has been a subject of many discussions. Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most remarkable painters, sculptors, architects and brilliant philosophers of all time. He was born on April 15, 1452 near Vinci but the biggest part of his life he spent in Florence where he began drawing and after a certain period-painting. When Leonardo was fourteen he began working with Andrea del Verrocchio, who was one of the most recognized painters of his day. Da Vinci’s work soon†¦show more content†¦Leonardo’s painting actually represents the different reactions of the Apostles when Jesus told them that they would be the reason for his death and that someone among them is a betrayer. We can see from the expressions on their faces as well as their postures that they all feel various degrees of anger and surprise. Bartholomew, James and Andrew, who are at the very left corner of the table, look shocked, while Matthew, Jude and Simon, which are at the opposite corner seem to discuss what had just happened. Actually, Matthe w and Jude are turned toward Simon and it appears like they are trying to find out if he has any answer to their primary questions. Really interesting is the posture of Judas who is the only person with his right elbow on the table. He looks rather reserved and stunned by the sudden revelation of his plan. Judas is wearing blue and green clothes and is clutching a small bag, which is recognized by many to be the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus. The most important part of his representation is that he is in shadow, which somehow reveals that he is responsible for the future death of Christ. Next to Judas are Peter, who is visibly furious, and John who looks like is going to fade away. And here is again one of the many questions that this work raise- is it John on the painting or is it Mary Magdalene? Some art analyzers claim that the person to Jesus is not the Apostle John but Mary Magdalene. In fact, thisShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Renaissance: Visual Analysis1515 W ords   |  7 PagesHigh Renaissance Visual Analysis Introduction Generally believed to have begun in Florence, the Renaissance – also known as the ‘Rebirth’ – was a period of reviving interest in classical art and the beginning of scientific revolution. The Renaissance period did not begin abruptly; instead, it was an idea that took shape since the time of the painter Giotto (Gombrich 2007). 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Madonna A Pop Icon free essay sample

Born in the 1980s, I was exposed to the colorful and vibrant music of popular music. At an early age, I became familiar with various female artists who have graced the radio and television air waves. Their popularity was so immense that young girls and even the older ones from across the globe have emulated all the aspects that were incorporated in their stardom such as their music, fashion and mannerisms. Among the most famous female pop stars back then was Madonna. She gained unprecedented popularity and obtained unwavering celebrity status. Most of her contemporaries during the 80s withered when the 90s came, but Madonna was able to go with the changes and continued to reinvent herself to match the constantly transforming style of the modern society. Presently, Madonna is still making headlines through an incessant innovation of her own style. There are many current pop stars who have disclosed their admiration for Madonna. We will write a custom essay sample on Madonna: A Pop Icon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For them, her music inspired them to reach for their dreams and explore their musical talents. According to Britney Spears, Madonna is an independent woman who does not take into consideration of other’s perception. For Britney, this characteristic is very â€Å"empowering for teenagers and women in general.† Madonna also gained fans outside the music industry such as Jean-Paul Gaultier who was a â€Å"French fashion designer.† For him, Madonna’s ability to agilely dance and her attractive face and physique were the key factors that caught his fascination. Gaultier said that â€Å"she was beautiful and very well dressed† (BBC).   This only shows that music and fashion go hand in hand. Clearly, Madonna managed to seize the interest and support of the public as well as the A-listers of different industries. Madonna’s career has been flourishing for over 20 years since it all began. Because of this she was able to make an extensive impact to popular culture and the society. â€Å"For almost each major fashion, cultural, and social trend that has developed over the years since her debut,† Madonna never failed to make a contribution in popularizing or even outdoing an existing trend which were displayed in her choice of wardrobes and the style of her music videos. She was able to utilize her standing as an influential personality to â€Å"to build presence and visibility† with the use of her body and voice to affect and at the same time culture of the Americans. According to Michel Focault, a philosopher, â€Å"bodies have the potential for exerting power and can be propelled to demonstrate this power through the institutions that are perceived by the public to be knowledgeable.† This statement suggests that people usually give institutions like the entertainment industry the right to set the standards for what is beautiful and fashionable. In relation with Madonna’s role in influencing pop culture and society, she continues to â€Å"reinvent her image† as a pop star and as a result she constantly â€Å"sets the trends and reflects various ideals of beauty† (Masuda). Moreover, the link between â€Å"cultural and social trends and Madonna† demonstrated that the human body is â€Å"a cultural product that has the potential to represent and reflect social trends.† Through this, Madonna gained a sense power of the public wherein she can dictate the benchmark for what is trendy and beautiful. She has the ability to use her clothes, body, music and movements to influence the public to imitate her. In her own way, she was able to alter the status quo and at the same time to manipulate the way of thinking of many individuals regarding the standards of popular culture and the dynamics of society (Masuda). Works Cited Masuda, Anne. â€Å"Madonna: The Revolutionary Icon.† 10 August 2005. Associated Content. 15 April 2009 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/6611/madonnas_impact_on_society.html?cat=33 â€Å"Stars pay tribute to Madonna.† 4 July 2001. BBC. 15 April 2009 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/1421976.stm

Itc Cigarettes Case free essay sample

ITC Cigarettes 1Ans: Advertising and marketing tobacco products will attract new customers. By this ban on advertising of cigarettes in Indian market ITC is going to face a tough challenge of marketing their cigarettes. Few reasons why ban acts in negative way for ITC are Advertising contributes to the concepts of independence, fashion, glamour and machismo to be associated with smoking. Tobacco advertising in any form has a powerful effect on vulnerable groups like children, young people and women. Children and the youth use tobacco due to peer pressure, to look cool, older and mature. Children and youth are also highly influenced by celebrities and film stars smoking or endorsing tobacco brands. Due to the ban they need to devise new ways to attract customers which is the biggest challenge for ITC. 2Ans: Even though the law strictly prohibits direct advertising,lack of proper implementation resulted in companies flouting the rules. We will write a custom essay sample on Itc Cigarettes Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No,ITC should not lobby to lift the ban on cigarette advertising as it will damage the public image of the brand,more importantly because it has wide range of products. ITC should promote their brand by the following means: Surrogate advertising. Industry tactics to flout the rules by taking advantages in improper implementation of the act. Launching mobile smoking lounges. Innovative collaborations. Ex:ITC and LIC Hookah cafes for attracting youth,especially women. Involiving in CSR activities. Point-of-sale advertising. 3Ans: The factors that affect the marketing mix of ITC cigarettes other than political and legal factors are Economic factors It is expected that cigarette use will increase overtime as disposable ncomes increase in India. The tax increase has also led to many unfiltered brands being removed from the market. The smokers who currently smoke bidis switched to factory made cigarettes, then India’s cigarette consumption would increase to around 640 billion sticks. Social factors More number of health conscious people Indian traditional system which forces women not to smoke. Changing mind-set of people about cigarette consumptio n. Concepts of independence, fashion, glamour and machismo to be associated with smoking.

How to Get Into UC Berkeley 4 Steps to a Stellar Application

How to Get Into UC Berkeley 4 Steps to a Stellar Application SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wondering how to get into UC Berkeley? Getting accepted to Berkeley can be tough.How hard is it to get into Berkeley? In 2018, UC Berkeley received 85,615 applications, and it admitted 13,558 of those applicants, for an acceptance rate of 15.1%. This makes UC Berkeley a â€Å"strongly competitive school†: it’s not quite as competitive as Ivy League schools, but you’ll need to have a strong application across the board in order to get accepted.In the rest of this guide, we’ll explain the UC Berkeley admissions requirements, when and how you should apply, exactly what Berkeley looks at when they review your application and how you can create the strongest application to maximize your chances of getting into Berkeley. How Does UC Berkeley Evaluate Applications? Compared to many other schools, Berkeley is pretty transparent about what they’re looking for in applicants and how they evaluate applications. They first make sure you meet the minimum UC Berkeley admissions requirements, then they assess your academic history, and then they do a holistic review where they take other areas into account, such as your extracurriculars and responses to essay questions. UC Berkeley states that they use a â€Å"broad concept† of merit, which means no one part of the holistic review is automatically worth more than the others. Below are the factors UC Berkeley evaluates for the minimum requirements, academic assessment, and holistic review. Minimum Requirements Meet the A-G subject course requirements: History: 2 years English: 4 years Mathematics: 3 years Laboratory science: 2 years Language other than English: 2 years Visual and performing arts: 1 year College-preparatory elective: 1 year Have a 3.0 GPA in A-G courses taken in the 10th and th grade years. (3.4 GPA for non-California residents) Take either the SAT plus Essay or the ACT exam plus Writing Academic Assessment Your weighted and unweighted UC grade point average (calculated using 10th and th grade UC-approved courses only) Your planned 12th grade courses Your pattern of grades over time The number of college preparatory, Advanced Placement (AP), International Baccalaureate (IB), honors and transferable college courses you have completed Your grades in those courses relative to other UC applicants at your school Your scores on AP or IB exams Your scores on the ACT or SAT Holistic Review Number and rigor of high school courses taken and grades earned in those courses Personal qualities of the applicant, including leadership ability, character, motivation, insight, tenacity, initiative, originality, intellectual independence, responsibility, maturity, and demonstrated concern for others and for the community are considered Likely contributions to the intellectual and cultural vitality of the campus. In addition to a broad range of intellectual interests and achievements, admission readers seek diversity in personal background and experience Performance on standardized tests Achievement in academic enrichment programs, including but not limited to those sponsored by the University of California. This criterion is measured by time and depth of participation, by the academic progress made by the applicant during that participation, and by the intellectual rigor of the particular program Other evidence of achievement. This criterion recognizes exemplary, sustained achievement in any field of intellectual or creative endeavor; accomplishments in extracurricular activities such as the performing arts or athletics; leadership in school or community organizations; employment; and volunteer service So what does it take to get into Berkeley? Basically, you need to have good grades in difficult classes, strong standardized test scores, and show that you’ll have a positive impact on campus. In the rest of this article we’ll explain exactly what you can do to meet each of the expectations Berkeley wants to see in applicants. UC Berkeley Application Deadlines If you want to know how to get into UC Berkeley, you first need to know all the major application deadlines. Berkeley states right on their website that they almost never accept late applications, so don’t miss any deadlines!UC Berkeley doesn’t offer early action or early decision options, so everyone applying has the same deadlines. Deadline Action August 1 UC Berkeley application opens November 1-30 Period application can be submitted online December Self-report December test scores January-February Submit official December test score results February-March Admissions decisions are sent out March 2 Financial aid applications due May 1 Reply date for all accepted first year students July 1 Admitted students must submit their final high school transcript The most important deadline you need to be aware of is November 30th. This is the last day you can submit your Berkeley application. However, as long as you have your application submitted by November 30th, you can still take the SAT/ACT in December. If you decide to do this, you’ll self-report your scores in December, then send your official scores once you get them in January or February. We don’t recommend waiting until December to take the SAT or ACT because if you’re unhappy with your score you won’t have any other chances to retake it. However, if you’ve taken the exam several times and want one more shot, a December test date is an option. You’ll learn if you’ve been accepted to UC Berkeley in March (occasionally as early as February), and you’ll have until May 1st to decide which school to attend. How to Apply to UC Berkeley There are four main steps to applying to Berkeley. The earlier you begin your application (as early as August 1st) the more time you’ll have to complete all the steps and the less pressure you’ll be under to meet the deadline. The steps are the same regardless of which UC school(s) you’re applying to since all UC schools use the same application (and you only need to submit one application, even if you apply to other UC schools in addition to Berkeley. Below is an overview of how to apply to Berkeley. For more in-depth information, check out our complete guide to applying to UC schools. Step 1: Create an Account First you need to create an applicant account. This step will only take about a few minutes since you just need to fill out basic information. Step 2: Complete the UC Application After creating your account, you’ll be immediately sent to the beginning of the application. Some of the key parts of the application include: Entering information about which UC school(s) you’re applying to (you’d choose UC Berkeley, but you can also apply to other UC schools with the same application) and what you plan on majoring in Filling out your eligibility for scholarships Answering demographic questions Filling out your academic history (what classes you took, the grades you got in them, if they were honors or AP, etc.) Filling out information on your extracurriculars and any awards you’ve won Self-reporting your standardized test scores Answering the personal insight questions There are eight personal statement questions, and you’ll need to answer four of them. Each response needs to be 350 words or less.The prompts are listed on the UC admissions website Step 3: Pay Admission Fees and Submit Your Application Once you’ve finished each section your application, you can submit it, as long as it’s between November 1-30. You’ll also need to pay the $70 application fee ($80 if you’re an international student). Then you’ll click submit, and your application will officially be sent to Berkeley! Step 4: Submit Your Standardized Test Scores You’ll self submit your test scores when you fill out your application, but you also need to send official score reports to Berkeley.You’ll need to take either the ACT with Writing or the SAT with Essay. You aren’t required to take AP exams or SAT Subject Tests, but Berkeley does recommend taking at least a few and submitting those scores as well. We have guides specifically on sending ACT scores and SAT scores to colleges if you need more information. What You Need to Get Into Berkeley Berkeley wants top students so you need to make sure your application is strong across the board. Below are the five most important categories Berkeley evaluates when they look at applications. If you stand out in most or all of these areas you’ll have a great shot at getting into UC Berkeley! Classes The classes you took in high school are often the most important part of your college application. When UC Berkeley admissions officers look at your classes, they’re looking at two things: the actual courses you took and how difficult they were.For the first category, they want to make sure you’ve taken the classes you need to succeed as a college student at one of their schools. This means taking the A-G courses that we mentioned above. Remember that the A-G courses are the minimum UC Berkeley admissions requirements; most applicants will have gone well beyond these requirements. Some majors, especially those in math or science, recommend or require additional classes before you start college. For example, if you want to major in chemistry, Berkeley requires you to have taken one year of chemistry, one year of physics, four years of math, and two to three years of a foreign language. Research your intended major on Berkeley’s website to check the specific requirements you need to meet. In general, it’s best to take more classes in the fields you plan on majoring in. Berkeley also looks at the difficulty of the classes you took. They’re specifically looking for honors, AP, or IB courses since these are more difficult than regular-level classes. If your school offers these classes, you should take as many as you can without overloading yourself and still maintaining a high GPA.Taking difficult classes shows them that you’re focused on your studies and can handle the challenge and workload of college classes. Also, Berkeley specifically mentions that they look at the â€Å"quality of your senior-year program,†, so don’t be tempted to slack off senior year with a bunch of easy classes! Grades It’s not enough just to take the classes Berkeley want; you also need to do well in them. Your grades and overall GPA are another critical component of your Berkeley application.For Berkeley, as well as all UC schools, you need to have at least a 3.0 GPA in your A-G classes if you’re a California resident, or a 3.4 GPA if you’re a non-resident. Additionally, you can’t have gotten below a â€Å"C† in any of the A-G classes. However, you should aim higher than this. The middle 50% range for weighted GPA of accepted students in 2018 at Berkeley is 4.16-4.30. That means 25% of admitted students had a GPA lower than 4.16, and 25% of admitted students had a GPA higher than 4.30. To give yourself the best chance of getting into UC Berkeley, you should aim to have a weighted GPA of 4.30 or higher. This means you’ll have a higher GPA than the majority of accepted students which gives you a great chance at getting in.To get a weighted GPA of 4.30, you’ll need to get A’s in most of your classes, and you’ll also need to take advanced classes like honors or AP that’ll further raise your GPA. Test Scores There is no minimum SAT or ACT score you need to get into Berkeley, but you’ll want to aim high to give yourself the best chance of getting accepted.The middle 50% SAT score range for accepted Berkeley students in 2018 is 1340-1530, and for the ACT it’s 30-35. Again, you want to aim for the higher end of this range, so your goal should be either a 1530 on the SAT or a 35 on the ACT. Remember, it’s completely possible to get into Berkeley with scores lower than these (most admitted students will have scores lower than these), but setting that as your goal gives you a good score to aim for so you can maximize your chances of getting into UC Berkeley.Also, don’t forget that Berkeley also requires the essay/writing section of the SAT and ACT. While Berkeley doesn’t require any SAT Subject Test scores or AP scores, having at least a few of these will further strengthen your application by showing you can score well on tests that cover different topics. Your goal should be to submit three Subject Test or AP scores, with at least one related to the area you want to major in (so a math/science score if you want to be a biology major, a social science score if you want to major in history, etc.).For these exams, you should aim to get at least a 700 on the Subject Tests and a 4 on the AP tests. Essays You’ll need to answer four of the UC personal insight prompts, and your responses should show: Who you are What you'd contribute to the Berkeley community What causes/topics/hobbies are important to you What your intellectual interests are Maybe you’ve always been fascinated by space and want to attend UC Berkeley and major in aeronautical engineering, or maybe you dream of being a writer and want to major in English or Creative Writing. Whatever your story is, this is the place for Berkeley to hear it, and it’s the best place in your application to show them who you really are as a person. This is the part of your application where you can really show Berkeley who you are, so be sure to put time and thought into your responses. Berkeley also specifically mentions that the personal insight section is one of the parts of the application they look at most closely.For a more in-depth look at how to stand out with your responses, read our guide on how to write outstanding UC essays. Extracurriculars Your extracurriculars are another important part of your Berkeley application. The best extracurriculars show your leadership skills and passion for whatever the extracurricular focuses on. Exactly which extracurriculars you choose, whether they are related to sports, academics, arts, volunteering, etc., isn’t that important. What will make your extracurriculars stand out is if you can show that you’re passionate about them, have dedicated significant time to them, and have taken on a leadership role or important responsibilities. Some factors Berkeley states they’re specifically looking for in extracurriculars include: Special talents, awards, or achievements Leadership experience Significant experiences or achievements that demonstrate the student's promise for contributing to the intellectual vitality of a campus They list the following examples of strong extracurriculars: Special talent in visual and performing arts, communication or sports Intensive study and exploration of other cultures Significant community service Significant participation in student government Don’t feel like you need to have all or even any of these experiences; they’re just given so you can get an idea of what Berkeley is looking for. Pretty much any extracurricular that you’re passionate about, skilled in, and have shown some leadership potential for is a great extracurricular to include on your application. Note that, even if you send in additional materials, such as an art portfolio, Berkeley won’t take these into consideration when evaluating your application, so be sure to do a good job describing your talents and accomplishments within the application. You can also use the Additional Comments box in the Personal Insights section (see the next section for more info on this). What If You Have a Weak Area in Your Berkeley Application? Not sure how to get into Berkeley if you got a lower SAT score than expected, flunked math freshman year, couldn’t participate in extracurriculars for an extended period because you had mono, or something similar? If there’s a weak area on your Berkeley application, don’t think it automatically means you won’t get in. The majority of Berkeley applicants will have at least one part of their application that isn’t as strong as the others, and very few candidates have a stellar application across all areas. One way you can reduce the impact of these weak areas is to discuss them in the Additional Comments boxes. There are two Additional Comments boxes in the UC Berkeley application, one under Academic History and one under the Personal Insight section.It’s in these boxes that you can explain any information you’d like the application readers to know. For the academic history box, you could, for example, explain why some of your grades are lower than what you wanted (and what you did to raise your grades in future classes), or explain you didn’t get to take as many advanced classes as you wanted to because your school didn’t offer many. For the personal insight box, you should include any relevant information about your extracurriculars there wasn’t a spot for in the application, such as a time you showed exceptional leadership, took initiative, solved a serious problem, etc. Strong extracurriculars can help reduce the impact of a low grade or test score. If you have a weak area of your application, do your best to explain what you’ve learned from it and how you’ve improved since that. Your maturity and self-awareness will impress the people reading your application. Conclusion: How to Get Into UC Berkeley How hard is it to get into Berkeley? Each year, Berkeley admits only about 15% of the students who apply, but you can increase your chances of getting in by understanding how to apply and knowing what the admissions officers are looking for.You can begin the Berkeley application in August, and you have until November 30th to submit your application. Berkeley wants students who are intelligent, leaders, passionate about what they’re studying, and will have a positive impact on campus.To show Berkeley that you’re the type of student they want to admit, you should aim to take difficult classes and get good grades in them (aim for an unweighted GPA of about 4.30). You should also have high scores on the SAT or ACT (aim for a 1530 on the SAT or a 35 on the ACT). For getting into UC Berkeley, you should also have strong extracurriculars and answer the Personal Insight questions thoughtfully. If you’re not sure how to get into Berkeley, Berkeley admissions may seem overwhelming, but if you plan ahead and work to make your application as strong as it can be, you’ll give yourself the best chance of getting into UC Berkeley. What's Next? Applying to other UC Schools?Read our guide on how to apply to UC schools for everything you need to know about the UC application. Want to learn more about the University of California schools?We have an in-depth guide to the UC schoolsto make it easy for you to compare the schools and see which is best for you. Working on your UC essays?Check out our guide onhow to answer every UC essay promptto get great writing ideas. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Women in Accounting Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Women in Accounting - Literature review Example National and international bodies have taken up the issue strongly and are championing the course of bridging the gap between males and females. The United Kingdom has a tall history as far as gender issues are concerned. As gender equality advocacy continued, the way became paved for women to be seen in all aspects of life including education, profession, planning and leadership. Accounting as a subject and profession has its own part of the history as far as female participation is concerned. and It is worth mentioning that the need to integrate women in the everyday processes of life was championed by specific people who are noted in world history the world over. In the area of accounting for instance, names such as Ellen Libby Eastman, Mary E. Murphy and Helen H. Fortune come up for discussion (Bosompem, 2007). With their effort, the way has been paved for an all-inclusive women participation in accounting. Conceding the special role that women have played and continue to play in accounting, the aim of this study is to reflect on the role of women in accounting from the 1960’s till 2010 with special emphasis on women in accounting in the United Kingdom. ... the term gender discrimination is explained to be characterized by the unequal treatment of a person based exclusively on that person's sex (Law JRank, 2009). One unfortunate situation with gender discrimination is that women have been the worse affected. The National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education 2002 for instance notes that â€Å"in many cases, females were denied entry into training programs for higher-wage, traditionally male, industry and technical occupations†(123HelpMe, 2011). This observation brings to discussion the issue of gender stereotyping which is an indirect form of gender discrimination. Stereotypes â€Å"reflect ideas that groups of people hold about others who are different from them† (Media Awareness, 2010). Painfully, women were not discriminated because they lacked he capability to take up challenging responsibilities and courses in education and but were discriminated on the mere grounds of myths and self-cooked believes that purporte d women to be inferior to men (Yankson, 2010). For this reason, not many women were seen as achievers as far as educational and professional competences such as accounting were concerned. Gender stereotyping, bias in teacher practices and harassment by other students discouraged non-traditional enrolment by females (123HelpMe, 2011). But lo and behold, there was coming a time when women would see freedom. Historical Rise of women and their roles in accounting According to Jacobs & Schain (2006), American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) officials report that women are drawn to accounting because â€Å"women tend to be organized and good with people, and both are absolutely crucial to this profession†¦.Women also develop good time management skills trying to juggle kids and work (Maeglin,

The Concept of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Concept of Globalization - Essay Example Businesses and markets across the world are now linked such that a business in one country can have customers from any part of the world. This is as a result of expanded business operations and easy access of world markets resulting to globalization of markets. Advancement in IT has aided in removing physical barriers like boundaries. Factors of production are central in the globalization process since nations exhibit differences in quantity and quality of these factors (Lechner, 2009). Nations that have less of one or more factors e.g. labor tend to seek it from others while they export what they have in surplus e.g. food in case land is put into proper use. Due to this interaction global institutions have emerged e.g. UN, IMF and The World Bank among others that control interaction between nations (Haugen and Mach, 2010). Some offer credit, others ensure peace and stability while others ensure credibility of international trade. Globalization has turned the world into one big marke t place where nations showcase what they have in plenty and seek what they are short of. Consumers are now free to shop for commodities from any part of the world. In the process goods and services, money and culture are exchanged making the world to be one big community. References Haugen, D. M. and Mach, R. (2010). Globalization. Greenhaven. Lechner, F. J. (2009). Globalization: The making of world society. Wiley-Blackwell.